Rating valuation of principle and practice - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Rating valuation of rule and practice. Answer: Referencing the foundation of Woodside Petroleum Ltd, where one key chance and two dangers are revealed from contender examination: Woodside Petroleum Ltd predominantly falls under Oil and Gas industry, while its chiefly items are Petroleum and LNG. The organization has been working in Australia, while its activities are directed everywhere throughout the world (Woodside.com.au 2018). The significant open door for Woodside Petroleum is the steady interest for Petroleum and LNG, as they are request by both business houses and nearby clients. Then again, two front most danger for the association is the proceeded with decay of oil cost in world market, which is hampering the general income produced by the association. the second danger that is hampering benefit of the organization is the developing interest for sun oriented and warm force among clients. This addition in the interest for substitute vitality item is appropriately declining the income of the association, which thusly is influencing its intensity in the market. Portraying one case of transient obligation and long haul obligation, while demonstrating the financing instrument utilized by Woodside Petroleum Ltd: Long haul obligation financing model is for the most part recognized to be bond issue, which permits the association to obtain the degree of cash-flow to help their financing needs. Furthermore, the transient obligation financing model are bank advances or overdraft directed by the organization to help its exercises. Moreover, the assessment of yearly report, C2 and C3 pertinent obligation amassed by the organization during 2016 are enough delineated (Woodside.com.au 2018). Additionally, securities and obligation offices are aggregated by the organization, which helped in raising the degree of assets to help their operational movement. Portraying whether the bond cost is lower or higher than the standard worth: Points of interest Worth Presumptive worth 1,000.00 Coupon Rate p.a. 3.65% Half Year Coupon Rate 1.83% Coupon Payment 18.25 Yield Rate 3.10% Half Yearly Yield Rate 1.55% Absolute Period 7 No. of Coupon Payments 14 Market Price of Bonds 1.83% * 1000 * (((1 - ((1 + 1.55%)- 14))/1.55%)) + (((1000/((1 + 1.55%)14)))) Market Price of Bonds 1,034.37 The above table basically demonstrates the general market cost of Woodside Petroleum, which is at 1,034.37, while the genuine standard estimation of the security is 1,000. In this manner, it could be comprehended that the current market cost is higher than the standard estimation of the security. Remarking on the underlying FICO assessment of the bond and expressing the effect of bond esteem when intrigue inclusion proportion is high: The underlying FICO score for the bond gave by Standard Poors and Fitch rating is BBB+, as portrayed in the encased article (Purvis 2015). The addition in intrigue inclusion proportion from 5 to 25 primarily portrays a positive sign for the organization. this addition could in the end help in improving the FICO score of the association, as they would have the option to help their installments led in bonds. This addition could in the end improve FICO score of Woodside Petroleum, which could build interest for their bonds. Reference Bond, P.H. what's more, Brown, P.K., 2017.Rating valuation: standards and practice. Routledge. Jordan, B., 2014.Fundamentals of ventures. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Purvis, B. (2015).Woodside Petroleum raises $1 billion with greatest bond deal. [online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Accessible at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/mining-and-assets/woodside-oil raises-1-billion-with-greatest bond-deal 20150227-13qo4d.html [Accessed 25 Jan. 2018]. Woodside.com.au. (2018).Woodside Energy | Home. [online] Available at: https://www.woodside.com.au/Pages/home.aspx [Accessed 25 Jan. 2018].

Significance of the lifting Dont Ask Dont Tell Policy

Presentation On September 20, 2011, the official strategy that banned open affirmation of one’s sexuality by US gay military work force was lifted by the United States authorities.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Significance of the lifting Don’t Ask Don’t Tell Policy explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The don’t ask, don’t tell (DADT) approach received on December 21, 1993, denied the country’s military power from acting unreasonably against closeted administration individuals or volunteers that are not straight, while precluding self admission of gay, lesbian, or indiscriminate people in the service. The reservations became, following the sanctioning of the United States government law, right around two decades prior. Further, the arrangement banished people who show practices that give the impression of participating in same sex connections from the military, on the grounds that enduring them could water down the adequacy of the power (O’Keefe, 2011). Yet, the end of DADT is relied upon to influence the gathering of the gay network in the country’s military. The paper investigates the general ramifications of lifting the DADT strategy in the United States. Johnson (2011) accepts the US congress passed a bill planned for maintaining DADT, during its late 2010 sittings with the point of looking for an affirmation from the head of express, his resistance Secretary, and the most elevated positioning military authorities such that the revocation of the approach would not impede the adequacy of the country’s military work force. Further, the bill likewise accommodated two-month time span inside which the appraisal of the circumstance would be completed. On July 6, 2011, a government jury halted further usage of the military’s reservations on self admitted or known gay warriors. The conclusion to DADT arrangement, embraced by the previous president Bill Clinton organization, was almost there on July 22 2011, when President Barack Obama, Admiral Mike Mullen who is the director of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta formally requested that Congress rethink its position (O’Keefe, 2011).Advertising Looking for investigate paper on government? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Whereas a few Americans despite everything accept the approach was rashly ended, others particularly the gay fighters inhaled a murmur of alleviation naming the improvement long past due. President Obama expects more votes from the gay network to improve his re-appointment offer after his detailed worry for the sexual privileges of the minority gathering. One month since DADT was lifted, a few military work force have transparently announced on various events that they are gay (Thompson, 2011). In spite of the relief, gay rights promoters and military boss didn't ant icipate that a major level of warriors should come out straightforwardly about their sexuality, rather they anticipated that dominant part will quietly move toward associates, senior officials, families and buddies already unmindful of their conduct. It is remarkable, however; that the most recent opportunity in military selecting grounds will be of less worry regarding the sexuality of the newcomers (Dao, 2011). Other Western states could likewise endure gay military officials in future. End Generally, the lifting of the DADT strategy in September 2011 inspired gay military officials, who had recently kept their sexuality mystery to straightforwardly come out and proclaim their genuine self. The renouncement of the approach quickly activated more crusades by gay activists, who are recently straightforwardly doling out free gay writing in military camps. The magazines contain fine subtleties of gay troopers. Distributers show that the military officials whose specifics are caught in the distributions chipped in their separate subtleties, including that they were full mindful that no reformatory measure would be focused at them for their condition. Provocative and private, writing offering subtleties of how various military officials endeavored every day, to practice their enthusiasm by committing their energies to the resistance of their country and smothering individual deep yearning to go into gay connections. References Dao, J. (2011/09/19). Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell Ends This Week With Celebrations, Revelations and Questions. New York Times. Recovered from https://atwar.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/19/dont-ask-dont-tell-closes this-week-with-festivities disclosures and-questions/Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Significance of the lifting Don’t Ask Don’t Tell Policy explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Johnson, K.B. (2011). Farewell to All That. Time, 178(13), 34-35. O’Keefe, E. (2011 /09/30). Gay weddings can be performed by military clerics, Pentagon says. Washington Post. Recovered from https://www.washingtonpost.com/web journals/government eye/post/gay-weddings-can-be-performed-by-military-ministers pentagon-says/2011/09/30/gIQA0hX19K_blog.html Thompson, M. (2011). Yes, Aye: Heeding Congress, Navy Reverses Course. Time, 177(21), 14. This examination paper on Significance of the lifting Don’t Ask Don’t Tell Policy was composed and presented by client Amphibian to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

The Modern Presidency of Theodore Roosevlet

Regardless of derision from his informed and good companions, Roosevelt entered governmental issues following moving on from Harvard College in 1880. In 1881,Roosevelt demonstrated the quality of his aim by winning political decision to the New York State Assembly. He picked up re-appointment twice before close to home disaster, On February 14,1884, in a sad incident, Roosevelt†s youthful spouse passed on in labor only hours after the demise of his darling mother. Sincerely broke, Roosevelt left legislative issues and fled New York for the Dakota Territory. In 1886, after a grievous winter wrecked a large portion of his dairy cattle group, Roosevelt returned east to governmental issues, his first love. For the following 12 years, he held different government positions, from Civil Service Commissioner to Assistant Secretary of the Navy. At the point when the United States did battle against Spain in 1898, Roosevelt surrendered and sorted out a gathering of volunteers called the Rough Riders. Their effective attack on San Juan Hill in Cuba made Roosevelt a National saint. He rode his new popularity to triumph in the 1898 race for legislative head of New York. At the point when President McKinley arranged to run for re-appointment in 1900, he required somebody to supplant Garret Hobart, his first VP, who had kicked the bucket in 1899. Roosevelt appeared to be an intelligent decision. Essentially a man of activity, Roosevelt considered the bad habit administration a do-nothing situate prompting political insensibility. The managers conspired to show Roosevelt out of New York to fill in as McKinley†s VP. After he and McKinley won the political race, Roosevelt tragically kept in touch with a companion, â€Å"I don't hope to go any further in legislative issues. † Wherever Roosevelt went he turned into the focal point of consideration. During the late 1800s, the nation had been assigned by solid Congresses and generally frail presidents. Roosevelt switched that customary division of intensity. The new president utilized the extensive forces of his office and his very own attraction to sidestep congressional restriction. In doing as such, Roosevelt turned into the primary present day president. In 1902 Roosevelt bolstered section of the Newlands Reclamation Act, which approved the utilization of government assets from the offer of open grounds to pay for water system and land advancement extends in the dry homesteads and urban communities of the West. Under new law, Roosevelt upheld the development of 25irrigation or recovery ventures. Roosevelt additionally upheld endeavors to spare the nation†s woodlands by keeping foolish blundering organizations from overcutting. He designated dear companion Gifford Pinchot to head the U. S. Woods Service. Like President Roosevelt, Pinchot was a firm devotee to asset the executives, the sound logical administration of common assets, for example, woodlands. He added 150 million sections of land to the national backwoods, quadrupling the measure of land they contained. Roosevelt additionally settled five new national parks, made 51 government winged creature reservations, and began four national game jelly. Different issues were at that point on the national plan when Roosevelt got down to business. One included the development of huge trusts, which were mammoth firms that controlled entire territories of industry by purchasing up all the organizations with which they worked together. Purchase outs, takeovers, and mergers arrived at a hot pitch somewhere in the range of 1897 and 1903. Without a doubt, by 1899 a tip top gathering of six organizations controlled around 95 percent of the railways in the nation. In 1890 Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act, which was intended to disallow such syndications, yet it had demonstrated hard to authorize. Industrialists just conceived substitute techniques for holding control, for instance, the holding organization. Holding organizations purchased controlling portions of stock in the part organizations as opposed to buying the organizations through and through. While the â€Å"held† organizations stayed separate organizations on paper, as a general rule the holding organization controlled them. In 1902 J. P. Morgan, an amazing investor, had gotten together with a bunch of the nation†s wealthiest men to back the Northern Securities Company. This holding organization consolidated the supply of the Union Pacific, Northern Pacific, and Burlington railways to rule rail administration from Chicago to the Pacific Ocean. Roosevelt, concluding that the organization was an imposing business model infringing upon the Sherman Antitrust Act, requested his lawyer general to document suit against the organization in 1902. In 1904 the Supreme Court, in a 5-4 vote, agreed with Roosevelt, deciding that the Northern Securities Company had surely damaged the Sherman Antitrust Act. In May 1902 the United Mine Workers (UMW) called a strike of the diggers who burrowed the anthracite, or hard, coal that terminated the vast majority of the heaters in the United States. The UMW would have liked to win a 20 percent pay increment and to lessen their long workday to eight hours. They basically would not arrange the striking laborers. As the truth of a virus winter drew closer, the shuddering open requested a settlement. President Roosevelt stepped in and encouraged the association and the proprietors to acknowledge intervention. A settlement forced by an outside gathering. The minors won a nine-hour workday and a 10 percent pay increment, which was passed along to customers as higher coal costs. Roosevelt likewise protected the open enthusiasm on buyer issue. The Meat Inspection Act of 1906outlawed deceiving marks and risky concoction additives. Roosevelt concurred that the legislature, instead of the packers should pay for the examination. Moreover, he dropped the necessity that meat be dated, which would have educated shoppers about the meat†s age. Speedy specialists sold blends of liquor, cocaine, opium, and different medications that professed to mend everything from liver illnesses to hair sparseness. Around the same time that Congress passed the Meat Inspection Act, It likewise passed the Pure Food and Drug Act. This demonstration precluded the assembling, deal, or shipment of unclean or erroneously marked food and medications in interstate business. The food and Drug Administration (FDA) was not set until some other time in 1938. Roosevelt chose not to run for re-appointment in 1908, Instead, Roosevelt picked his kindred Republican, William Howard Taft, an accomplished negotiator and executive to run for president on the Republican ticket. Taft, a huge, slow-moving, yet amazingly savvy man, ran an unassuming effort. By and by, gratitude to Roosevelt†s lively endeavors for his sake, Taft won the political race. In spite of the fact that he had none of Roosevelt†s energy, Taft completed and went past a considerable lot of his predecessor†s strategies. In just four years as president, Taft arraigned twice the same number of trusts as did Roosevelt in about eight years, including two of the most remarkable, Standard Oil and the American Tobacco Company. He extended the quantity of sections of land of national timberlands. He upheld laws requiring mine proprietors to improve wellbeing. He set up the Children†s Bureau, a government organization that ensured the rights and interests of kids. By 1912 Roosevelt had gotten totally frustrated with Taft, he was annoyed with Taft†s inability to apply solid open administration. With another presidential eledion not too far off, Roosevelt thought about whether Taft was a sufficient dynamic activists to warrant his proceeded with help.

DNA Cloning - Free Essay Example

The creation of Human clones represents another form of life having the modification such as DNA to make cells and tissue for making a clone. Using these testings can eventually lead to overpopulation and eventually cause over-usage of resources for people and introduces the physical and psychosocial harm to human beings of genetic identical or modified copies of a human to have similar functions and appearance. This kind of cloning reproduction deals with tissue and cells, The possibilities have slimmed down to complications having to do with ethical concerns that have provoked several nations to pass laws regarding human cloning and its legality due to the concerns of what can happen.. The common types of cloning are reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning is the process which A gene located and copied out of DNA extracted from an organism. Although human cloning has no record of being successful, cloning was demonstrated to be possible when scientist by the name of sir ian wilmut and the rest of his team successfully cloned dolly a sheep in the year 1996 and lived up to 10 years but animals are far more different than humans. There hasnt been any rumors or facts about a human clone being successful because it comes with risks such as abnormalities that the clones embryo can have with cells and tissue which can turn out to be bad not only for the clone but for other living creatures and potentially lead to the domino effect, meaning other attributes of life could be changed or altered negatively as any result and if Genes are modified to be smarter than others and the average person will not have a place in society because of that. It comes down to the risk it takes to make a clone out of someone because anything can happen and if it doesnt workout the way its supposed to then immediately you know its not safe and worth investing money and equipment to test these procedures to make an embryo from scratch. clones are not identified as twins compared to a human when they are born it is more of a nuclear transfer through DNA genetically modified from someone else and the cloning is taken place in a lab, Two main types of cloning are reproductive and therapeutic as mentioned earlier, but Reproductive cloning involves the creation of another life whereas therapeutic cloning has no implantation into the uterus to form a child. It is used more for medical use creating stem cells to Save lives and the medical possibilities for stem cells are immense but that doesnt mean that these clones will be 100% and functioning at its fullest potential like scientists do to animal cloning its different and not only is that a dangerous but this isnt something that happens on a regular basis because then the cloning can not go the way scientists will want that can potentially start many issues. The argument is that human reproductive cloning should not be carried out because human clones are also likely to exhibit inappropriate epigenetic reprogramming or abnormalities and Different versions of this epigenetic argument are analyzed, categorical version and a non-categorical. The non-categorical version is suggested to be more well-considered With regard to policy making on human reproductive cloning, the categorical version can be used to prescribe a permanent ban, while the non-categorical version can be used to prescribe a temporary ban. The factor to that is Animal cloning has raised concerns about human cloning on behalf of many organizations that have analyzed the situation expressed its unacceptable and have called for a ban on such research due to the fact that its not just something scientists are use to on a regular basis because humankind comes from a sperm cell and an egg that form the process of a embryo to a fetus, not knowing fully whats to be expected of a cl one being created in the lab. The issue of human cloning may violate moral human rights and it is seen that every human has the right to their unique identity but this could easily be disputed with cloning sharing the same genome but have different lives and futures. Cloning could also produce physiological distress and harm in the clone and may feel that their life is already laid out before them and have no choices. They will also face physiological problems and discrimination because of their identity and that would leave humans to new adaptations and conditions. As a person the effect it can have on somebody will lessen the worth of individuals and diminish respect for human life, Human life would be seen as replaceable if something happened to a person, like if they were killed another clone can simply replace them in fact and could never replace the one that is lost. Clones would be subject to discrimination based on the fact that they are a clone and did not arise because of sexual reproduction. If human cloning was to be the norm it wouldnt be a good thing because the cells are taken from adult cells and implemented to the clone having gained a lot of years would mean it doesnt have a long life expectancy that would not be useful because the clone would live in the shadow of the genetic donor, always having to live up to the expectations of a person they were created from. As for many believe cloning is going against Gods will because itll be created by man. Man would be playing God and create people that are unable to feel and emphasize with no filter in between and also created without a soul. Its to be believed that human cloning is a representation mocking humanity forming a new life created from a genetic donor with their own DNA creating cells and tissue for the clone but as far as that goes just like identical twins look exactly alike they dont have the same personality and enjoy different things. The same would be for a clone even if technology can do everything to be the same the clone would still be a different person no matter what.

Expressions of Quantity Quiz

Religious Influences Of African Americans - 825 Words

Despite the ignorance and insensitivity of their oppressors, early African Americans instilled in their children the values of honesty, integrity and treating their fellow humans with compassion, an attitude that prevails in many modern African American families. During the period of slavery, African Americans found strength and unity through communal worship. In addition, African Americans, once freed from slavery, were very active in forming their own churches, most of them Baptist or Methodist. Although, my mother converted to Islam after marrying my father once he joined the Nation of Islam, she educated her children about her religious background which was Baptist. I rely on my faith to give me the inspiration I need to move forward†¦show more content†¦The bible states that Christians are supposed to love and help each other at all times so I find myself always helping people in need. Also, on the political end, religion has strongly influenced which party I vote for. In my life, religion affects the way I look at life, communicate with others, spend my time, and how I act. My faith has shown me evidence of the resilience I’ve had towards the inherited oppression in my life. I am now more compassionate and have a lot more empathy towards different ethnic and racial backgrounds which has allowed me to have more humility and empathy in my social work practice and relationships. In systems of oppression, power accrues to those who most closely approximates the mythical norm in the US which include: male, white, heterosexual, financially stable, young-middle adult, able-bodied, and Christian. Power is typically defined as the ability to coerce another’s behavior and also includes access to social, political, and economic resources. Power can bring unequal distribution of tasks and rewards such as starting salary, resources, such as time off for research or start-up funds/travel funds, research assistance, and service expectations. Unfortunately, I do not know what it is to have power and quite frankly, I may not ever know because of my race and cultural background. One of the persistent and perennial challenges faced by African

People In The Government Essay Example For Students

People In The Government Essay Approval of the Journal1. The Speaker shall take the Chair on every legislative day precisely at the hour to which the House last adjourned and immediately call the House to order. Having examined and approved the Journal of the last days proceedings, the Speaker shall announce to the House his approval thereof. The Speakers approval of the Journal shall be deemed agreed to unless a Member, Delegate, or Resident Commissioner demands a vote thereon. If such a vote is decided in the affirmative, it shall not be subject to a motion to reconsider. If such a vote is decided in the negative, then one motion that the Journal be read shall be privileged, shall be decided without debate, and shall not be subject to a motion to reconsider. Preservation of order2. The Speaker shall preserve order and decorum and, in case of disturbance or disorderly conduct in the galleries or in the lobby, may cause the same to be cleared. Control of Capitol facilities3. Except as otherwise provided by rule or law, the Speaker shall have general control of the Hall of the House, the corridors and passages in the part of the Capitol assigned to the use of the House, and the disposal of unappropriated rooms in that part of the Capitol. Signature of documents4. The Speaker shall sign all acts and joint resolutions passed by the two Houses and all writs, warrants, and subpoenas of, or issued by order of, the House. The Speaker may sign enrolled bills and joint resolutions whether or not the House is in session. Questions of order5. The Speaker shall decide all questions of order, subject to appeal by a Member, Delegate, or Resident Commissioner. On such an appeal a Member, Delegate, or Resident Commissioner may not speak more than once without permission of the House. Form of a question6. The Speaker shall rise to put a question but may state it sitting. The Speaker shall put a question in this form: Those in favor (of the question), say Aye. ; and after the affirmative voice is expressed, Those opposed, say No. . After a vote by voice under this clause, the Speaker may use such voting procedures as may be invoked under rule XX. Discretion to vote7. The Speaker is not required to vote in ordinary legislative proceedings, except when his vote would be decisive or when the House is engaged in voting by ballot. Speaker pro tempore8. (a) The Speaker may appoint a Member to perform the duties of the Chair. Except as specified in paragraph (b), such an appointment may not extend beyond three legislative days. (b)(1) In the case of his illness, the Speaker may appoint a Member to perform the duties of the Chair for a period not exceeding 10 days, subject to the approval of the House. If the Speaker is absent and has omitted to make such an appointment, then the House shall elect a Speaker pro tempore to act during the absence of the Speaker. (2) With the approval of the House, the Speaker may appoint a Member to act as Speaker pro tempore only to sign enrolled bills and joint resolutions for a specified period of time. Term limit9. A person may not serve as Speaker for more than four consecutive Congresses (disregarding for this purpose any service for less than a full session in any Congress). Designation of travel10. The Speaker may designate a Member, Delegate, Resident Commissioner, officer, or employee of the House to travel on the business of the House within or without the United States, whether the House is meeting, has recessed, or has adjourned. Expenses for such travel may be paid from applicable accounts of the House described in clause 1(i)(1) of rule X on vouchers approved and signed solely by the Speaker. Committee appointment11. The Speaker shall appoint all select, joint, and conference committees ordered by the House. At any time after an original appointment, the Speaker may remove Members, Delegates, or the Resident Commissioner from, or appoint additional Members, Delegates, or the Resident Commissioner to, a select or conference committee. In appointing Members, Delegates, or the Resident Commissioner to conference committees, the Speaker shall appoint no less than a majority who generally supported the House position as determined by the Speaker, shall name those who are primarily responsible for the legislation, and shall, to the fullest extent feasible, include the principal proponents of the major provisions of the bill or resolution passed or adopted by the House. Declaration of recess12. To suspend the business of the House for a short time when no question is pending before the House, the Speaker may declare a recess subject to the call of the Chair. Other responsibilities13. The Speaker, in consultation with the Minority Leader, shall develop through an appropriate entity of the House a system for drug testing in the House. The system may provide for the testing of a Member, Delegate, Resident Commissioner, officer, or employee of the House, and otherwise shall be comparable in scope to the system for drug testing in the executive branch pursuant to Executive Order 12564 (Sept. 15, 1986). The expenses of the system may be paid from applicable accounts of the House for official expenses. Each state has two Senators while membership in the House of Representatives is apportioned according to a states population. Leaders Lecture SeriesOutstanding former Senate leaders and other distinguished Americans share their insights about the Senates recent history and long-term practices. The Constitution assigns the Senate and House equal responsibility for declaring war, maintaining the armed forces, assessing taxes, borrowing money, minting currency, regulating commerce, and making all laws necessary for the operation of the government. The Senate holds exclusive authority to advise and consent on treaties and nominations. How the Senate Works The Constitution prescribes that the Senate will be composed of two Senators from each State (therefore, the Senate currently has 100 Members) and that a Senator must be at least 30 years of age, have been a citizen of the United States for 9 years, and, when elected, be a resident of the State from which the he or she is chosen. A Senators term of office is 6 years and approximately one-third of the total membership of the Senate is elected every second year. Senate committees are appointed by resolution at the beginning of each Congress, with power to continue to act until their successors are appointed. All Senate committees are created by the Senate. At present, Senate committees include 16 standing committees, 3 select committees, and 2 special committees. Who are all those people on the Senate Floor?You will see several officials on the floor of the Senate when it convenes, including the Majority and Minority Leaders of the Senate, the Secretary and Assistant Secretary of the Senate, the Sergeant at Arms, the Legislative Clerk, the Journal Clerk, the Parliamentarian of the Senate, the Secretaries for the Majority and the Minority, the Official Reporters of Debate, and the Pages. The Secretary of the Senate is the elected official of the Senate responsible for management of many legislative and administr ative services. The Secretary is the disbursing officer for the Senate. The official seal of the Senate is in the custody of, and its use is prescribed by, the Secretary. In the absence of the Vice President, and pending the election of a President pro tempore, the Secretary performs the duties of the chair. The Assistant Secretary is the chief assistant to the Secretary of the Senate. The Assistant Secretary performs the functions of the Secretary in the latters absence, and in the event of the death or resignation of the Secretary would act as Secretary in all matters except those duties as disbursing officer of the Senate. On the day after the first organization of the Senate, a Doorkeeper was chosen whose title was eventually changed to Sergeant at Arms. His duties are to execute the Senates orders as to decorum on the floor and in the galleries. He is responsible for the enforcement of all rules made for the regulation of the Senate wing of the Capitol. He also is the custodian of all properties under the dominion of the Senate and supervises the messengers, pages and other workers who serve the Senate. If the Senate decides to issue warrants of arrest for its absent Members, it is the duty of the Sergeant of Arms to bring those Senators into custody. Article 1, section 5, paragraph 3 of the Constitution provides that Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House and any question shall, at the Desire of one-fifth of those Present be entered on the Journal. The Journal Clerk is charged with maintaining the Senate Journal under the direction of the Secretary of the Senate. The Legislative Clerk is responsible for reporting all bills, messages from the House, conference reports, and amendments to the Senate. All record votes are taken by the Legislative Clerk and his assistants. An appointed officia l of the Senate, the Parliamentarian functions under the direction of the Secretary of the Senate. The Parliamentarians chief duty and responsibility is to advise the Presiding Officer on parliamentary aspects of Senate activity. The Parliamentarian advises Senators and senatorial committee staffs, and is called upon by other branches of Government, the press, and the public for information regarding procedural aspects of Senate activity. The Official Reporters of Debates prepare the material concerning business of the Senate for inclusion in the Congressional Record. All proceedings in the Senate Chamber are reported verbatim by a staff of Official Reporters, who are under the supervision of the Editor in Chief. The Editor in Chief is the editor of all matter contained in the Senate proceedings. In addition to the verbatim proceedings in the Senate Chamber, the office of the Official Reporters processes for inclusion in the Congressional Record a description of the morning business conducted by the Senate (measures introduced, messages from the President and the House of Representatives, co-sponsors, communications received, and notices of hearings), and additional or unspoken statements of Senators. The Official Reporters of Debates are appointed by the Secretary of the Senate. The Secretary for the Majority is an elected officer of the Senate who is responsible for providing many support services to the majority party leaders and members of the Senate. The floor-related duties of the Secretary include supervising the cloakroom, briefing Senators on votes and issues that are under consideration on the floor, obtaining pairs for Senators, and polling Senators when the Leadership so desires. Additionally, the Secretary is responsible for assigning Senate Chamber seats to the majority party Members; maintaining a file of committee assignment requests; staffing the committee which arranges majority party committee assignments; recommending to the Leadership majo rity party candidates for appointment to boards, commissions, and international conferences; maintaining records of such appointments; providing a repository for official minutes of majority party conferences and meetings of the Policy Committee, Steering Committee, and committee chairmen; monitoring the nominations on the Executive Calendar; and other duties as directed by the Leadership. The Secretary for the Minority also is an elected officer of the Senate, and performs corresponding duties for the minority party leaders and other Senators. There are three different kinds of courts that make up the federal court system; the district courts, the courts of appeals, and the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court was created by the Constitution to make sure that a citizens rights werent violated, to assure that they would get a fair trial, and to establish justice. The lower federal courts were created in 1789 by Congress because the Supreme Court couldnt handle all of the cases by itself . These three kinds of courts make up the Judicial Branch of the government. The federal court system of the United States was created to protect the rights of U.S. citizens, to establish justice, and to make sure that all of the laws in the United States were constitutional. The district courts are the entry level courts. It is the only federal court that conducts a trial by jury. It has original jurisdiction on all of the cases it hears. The district courts hears crimes related to the federal law. It also hears civil suits that are over $10,000 and are between people of different states or when a foreign party is involved. Certain cases involving income taxes, copyright laws, trademark laws, and patent laws are other cases the district courts hears. There are about ninety-four district courts in the U.S. plus one in Washington D.C.. There is at least one district courts in every state. California has four district courts. The judges for the district courts are appointed by the Pre sident and must be approved by the Senate. There are no qualifications for becoming a judge, except that one must be an American citizen. Most judges are lawyers who are able to understand the law. Judges serve lifetime terms. There are approximately 565 judges that serve the district courts, with at lest one judge in every court. The District Court is only the first of three federal courts. The courts of appeals is the second level in the federal court system. All of its cases come from the district courts, but only certain cases are heard. Usually it is a case where a mistake was made in the process of the trial. Both oral and written arguments are heard at the courts of appeals. The courts of appeals has the option to affirm, reverse, modify, or remand a decision made in the district courts. Judges in the courts of appeals must be American citizens. The judges in the courts of appeals are chosen on the same basis as in the district courts. There are at least six judges per court and there are about 167 judges total. There is one chief judge. He or she must have served the most years as a judge and must be under sixty-five. The chief judges term lasts seven years. The chief judge still hears cases, but he also has administrative duties. There are thirteen courts of appeals spread out through the United States including one in San Diego, California. The highest federal court is the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court is primarily an appellate court. It hears cases from the district courts, the courts of appeals, and state supreme courts. The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction on all cases involving foreign ambassadors and when a state sues another state. These cases form ten percent of all its cases. Of the 4,500 cases appealed to the Supreme Court each year only 200 are heard. One of the reasons the Supreme Court is so powerful is the power of Judicial Review. This gives the Supreme Court the right to overturn state laws and laws passed by Congress. It als o gives the Supreme Court the power to declare the presidentOs actions unconstitutional. This power was first exercised in 1803 by Chief Justice John Marshall in the case of Marbury versus Madison. By using this power, John Marshall set a precedent. There are nine justices that serve the Supreme Court. There is one Chief Justice and 8 associate justices. They all serve lifetime terms unless they retire, die, or are impeached. The justices meet from October to June. The Supreme Court is located in Washington D.C. It is the only court created by the Constitution. The federal court system is a very important part of the federal government. Not only does it check other parts of government through Judicial Review, but it also helps everyday American citizens. It makes sure that citizens receive due process from the law. The courts also make sure that the Constitution is followed. Greece was an ancient form of democracy. The United States adapted this to fit the needs of today. At the fun eral oration of Pericles it was said, Our government is named a democracy, because it is in the hands not of the few but of the many. But our laws secure equal justice for all in their private disputes. This today has an important meaning to Americans everywhere. History